{"id":57603,"date":"2026-07-15T13:01:56","date_gmt":"2026-07-15T13:01:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/officefindernyc.com\/?p=57603"},"modified":"2026-07-15T13:01:58","modified_gmt":"2026-07-15T13:01:58","slug":"nafn-kynningar-a-spilaviti-goldbet-skjals-wikipedia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/officefindernyc.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/15\/nafn-kynningar-a-spilaviti-goldbet-skjals-wikipedia\/","title":{"rendered":"Nafn Kynningar \u00e1 spilav\u00edti goldbet skjals Wikipedia"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"toc\" style=\"background: #f9f9f9;border: 1px solid #aaa;display: table;margin-bottom: 1em;padding: 1em;width: 350px\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: 700;text-align: center\">Greinar<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#worldwide-usage\">Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt innlimun<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#usage-by-medical-practitioners-in-the-uk-and-culturally-related-countries\">Notkun vegna l\u00e6kna \u00ed Bretlandi og menningarlega mikilv\u00e6gra sta\u00f0a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#usage-by-medical-practitioners-in-the-uk-and-culturally-related-countries-1\">Innlima\u00f0u vegna l\u00e6kna\u00fej\u00e1lfara \u00ed Bretlandi og \u00fe\u00fa munt upplifa menningarlega tengda sta\u00f0i.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#worldwide-usage-1\">Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg notkun<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Augnl\u00e6knar f\u00e1 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur e\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur utan sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0i (\u00ed Bretlandi er doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u h\u00e1marksgr\u00e1\u00f0u til a\u00f0 eiga l\u00f6ggilta sj\u00f3nl\u00e6kna me\u00f0 reynslu af hef\u00f0bundinni tannl\u00e6kna\u00fej\u00f3nustu). En Debrett&#039;s m\u00e6lir enn me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tannl\u00e6knar s\u00e9u oft stj\u00f3rna\u00f0ir af l\u00e6knum og nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c er oft nota\u00f0 yfir tannl\u00e6kna me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. <!--more--> Eins og me\u00f0 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega MBBS-gr\u00e1\u00f0u eru tannl\u00e6knar me\u00f0 fram\u00farskarandi gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed tannl\u00e6kningum (BDS) og d\u00fdral\u00e6knar me\u00f0 fram\u00farskarandi gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVSc), gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVetMed) e\u00f0a gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum og st\u00f6rfum (BVMS) taldir vera. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2005 ba\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1verandi forseti Konunglega skur\u00f0l\u00e6knah\u00e1sk\u00f3lans l\u00e6kna a\u00f0 nota hugtaki\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c og sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 notkun or\u00f0anna \u201eherra\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eungfr\u00fa\u201c v\u00e6ri ruglingsleg fyrir vi\u00f0skiptavini. Titlar g\u00f3\u00f0s &amp; C svarts og \u00fe\u00fa g\u00e6tir haft mismunandi heimilisf\u00f6ng fr\u00e1 Debrett fyrir umsl\u00f6g fyrir l\u00e6kna, \u00fear sem n\u00fdja fornafni\u00f0 fyrir Dr. er sleppt (t.d. Dr. John Smith, Esq, MD; John Smith, MD; John Smith, MB) en \u00ed Skotlandi og fyrir hef\u00f0bundna l\u00e6kna er eftirnafni\u00f0 oft sleppt (t.d. Dr. John Smith).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tannl\u00e6knar hafa lengi (\u00fear sem tannl\u00e6knar) veri\u00f0 metnir \u00e1 sama h\u00e1tt og l\u00e6knarnir, en fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 1995 hefur Tannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 leyft tannl\u00e6knum a\u00f0 nota hugtaki\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c, hvort sem sumir vilja \u00fea\u00f0 ekki e\u00f0a ekki, og \u00fear me\u00f0 hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna sem l\u00e6kna.<\/li>\n<li>Hann er \u00fatvega\u00f0ur af sk\u00f3lanum fyrir h\u00f6nd hins n\u00fdja konungs, og pr\u00f3fsk\u00edrteini\u00f0 hefur gildi opinbers skjals.<\/li>\n<li>A\u00f0 f\u00e1 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir h\u00e1\u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0a \u00fej\u00e1lfun eftir gr\u00e1\u00f0u nemandans, a\u00f0 semja g\u00f3\u00f0a lokaritger\u00f0, a\u00f0 geta skrifa\u00f0 lokaritger\u00f0 og vari\u00f0 n\u00fdju lokaritger\u00f0ina opinberlega.<\/li>\n<li>A\u00f0 hafa g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u hefur veri\u00f0 grundvallaratri\u00f0i \u00ed fram\u00farskarandi h\u00e1sk\u00f3lastarfi.<\/li>\n<li>Til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur utan r\u00edkja sem eru ekki fulltr\u00faar ESB ver\u00f0ur n\u00fdjasta gr\u00e1\u00f0an a\u00f0 vera opinberlega vi\u00f0urkennd (\u201esta\u00f0fest\u201c) af menntam\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu \u00ed Bonn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 er algeng venja a\u00f0 hafa kvenkyns v\u00edsindalega me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ila til a\u00f0 nota hugtaki\u00f0 \u201eDr. (fr\u00fa)\u201c innan allrar el\u00edtunnar og \u00ed opinberri st\u00f6\u00f0u. \u00c1 19. \u00f6ld ur\u00f0u doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur vins\u00e6lli \u00ed Bretlandi, en til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 n\u00e1m \u00feurfti a\u00f0 fara til meginlands Evr\u00f3pu annars sta\u00f0ar en (fr\u00e1 1861) til Bandar\u00edkjanna, \u00fear sem sl\u00edk n\u00e1m var ekki veitt \u00ed Bretlandi fyrr en \u00e1ri\u00f0 1917. Samkv\u00e6mt hef\u00f0 nota \u00feeir sem f\u00e1 hei\u00f0ursdoktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur ekki n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 \u201eDr.\u201c \u00ed almennum samskiptum, jafnvel \u00ed opinberum samskiptum vi\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lann sem veitir n\u00fdja hei\u00f0ursdoktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u er algengt a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa n\u00fdja vi\u00f0takandann me\u00f0 hugtakinu. \u00d3formlega er n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0, \u00ed fullum og styttum st\u00edl (\u00fe.e. \u201edr.\u201c), nota\u00f0 me\u00f0 hei\u00f0ursnafni til a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa l\u00e6kna \u00ed \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegri stillingu eins og \u00ed fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lum, en ekki \u00ed or\u00f0i kve\u00f0nu er \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0eins \u00e6tla\u00f0 n\u00fdjum handh\u00f6fum sem eru komnir af h\u00e1sk\u00f3lastigi. Vissulega hafa einnig veri\u00f0 \u00farskur\u00f0ir um augl\u00fdsingu um a\u00f0 eiga \u00e1hugasaman beinl\u00e6kni og \u00fear var \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 \u00feig \u00e1 me\u00f0an l\u00e6knirinn reyndi a\u00f0 misskilja \u00feig, \u00fear sem \u00feetta er \u00ed raun augl\u00fdsing sem nota\u00f0i n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c \u00e1samt nafngiftinni \u201ePhD\u201c byggt \u00e1 g\u00f3\u00f0ri doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 \u00f3vi\u00f0urkenndum sk\u00f3la. Tannl\u00e6knar hafa lengi (\u00fear sem tannl\u00e6knar voru) veri\u00f0 l\u00fdstir \u00e1 sama h\u00e1tt og skur\u00f0l\u00e6knar, en \u00e1ri\u00f0 1995 hefur Tannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 heimila\u00f0 tannl\u00e6knum a\u00f0 nota nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c, hvort sem margir vilja \u00fea\u00f0 ekki e\u00f0a ekki, og \u00fear me\u00f0 er l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1hersla \u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0u l\u00e6knisins.<\/p>\n<h2>Kynningar \u00e1 spilav\u00edti goldbet | Eftir a\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi er n\u00e1\u00f0 er n\u00fdr doktorsnemi marka\u00f0ssettur sem doktor, \u00e1n frekari \u00fatv\u00edkkunar \u00e1 skammst\u00f6funinni drs<\/h2>\n<p>Vandam\u00e1li\u00f0 stafar af upprunalegu hollensku n\u00e1msheitinu \u201edrs.\u201c (fyrir alla l\u00e1gsk\u00f3la- og l\u00e1gr\u00e9ttask\u00f3lanema). Leikur l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga kemur fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 n\u00fdr doktorsnemi hafi starfa\u00f0 sem l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur sem LLD fram a\u00f0 umb\u00f3tum \u00e1ri\u00f0 2014 og hefur veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ur \u201es\u00f6gulegur farangur\u201c af deildarforseta lagadeildar M\u00f6ltu.<\/p>\n<p>Bl\u00e1krossinn og \u00fe\u00fa munt Blue Shield (BCBS) spilara er einnig a\u00f0 leita a\u00f0 l\u00e6knum, l\u00e6knisstofnunum og \u00fe\u00fa g\u00e6tir einnig tannl\u00e6knum.<\/p>\n<h2>Eigendur \u201eLaurea\u201c f\u00e1 n\u00fdtt nafn, en ekki doc (dottore\/dottoressa), \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c f\u00e6r n\u00fdtt heiti, en ekki magistral doctor (dottore magistrale\/dottoressa magistrale), og doktorsnemar eru kalla\u00f0ir leitarl\u00e6knar (dottore di ricerca\/dottoressa di ricerca).<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static.oddschecker.com\/content\/types\/NEWS\/top-netent-slots.jpg?v=1134328\" alt=\"Kynningar \u00e1 spilav\u00edti goldbet\" border=\"0\" align=\"right\" style=\"padding: 10px\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00cd Hong Kong er \u00fea\u00f0 venja \u00ed Bretlandi a\u00f0 hafa samband vi\u00f0 l\u00e6kna sem heita \u201edoktor\u201c, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feeir hafi a\u00f0eins loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi anna\u00f0 en Bachelor of Medicine e\u00f0a Bachelor of Labors (MBBS e\u00f0a MBChB). Skammst\u00f6funin \u201eDrs.\u201c v\u00edsar einnig til \u201edoctorandus\u201c, hollensks fr\u00e6\u00f0iheitis sem var skipt \u00fat fyrir nafni\u00f0 sem nota\u00f0 var \u00ed meistaran\u00e1minu. \u00cd flestum t\u00edmabilum n\u00fdja menntakerfisins l\u00fdsir skilgreiningin \u201eDoc\u201c einhverjum sem hefur loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi (h\u00e6stu menntun) fr\u00e1 h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. Allir sem hafa loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi notu\u00f0u n\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 fagmannlega og f\u00e9lagslega. Hugtaki\u00f0 er einnig nota\u00f0 af l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum \u00ed Su\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku, \u00fear sem \u00feeir hafa yfirleitt loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi, og \u00e1 fyrri port\u00fag\u00f6lskum sv\u00e6\u00f0um utan Goa \u00e1 Indlandi og Maka\u00f3 \u00ed As\u00edu.<\/p>\n<p>Af s\u00f6gulegum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um er n\u00fdtt heiti, en ekki doctor, gefi\u00f0 \u00f6llum sem stunda h\u00e1sk\u00f3lan\u00e1m. Fyrsti sk\u00f3li vestr\u00e6nnar menningar, s\u00e1 n\u00fdjasti fr\u00e1 Bologna, er sta\u00f0settur \u00e1 \u00cdtal\u00edu, \u00fear sem fram \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum var eina raunverulega doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0an veitt, og n\u00e1nast allir a\u00f0rir \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar notu\u00f0u \u00feig til fyrirmyndar. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki \u00fea\u00f0 sama og Arzt, \u00fear sem fram\u00farskarandi doktors\u00feekking er ekki skilyr\u00f0i fyrir l\u00e6kna, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt notkun hugtaksins Doktor yfir eigin l\u00e6kni s\u00e9 algeng og almennt f\u00f3lk haldi ranglega a\u00f0 a\u00f0eins Doktors f\u00e1i reglulega me\u00f0fer\u00f0. Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur, \u00ed finnsku, vir\u00f0ist notkun fyrirsagna undarleg og takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 vi\u00f0 mj\u00f6g vi\u00f0urkennd samhengi.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1\u00f0ur en formleg menntun h\u00f3fst kom n\u00fdja n\u00fat\u00edma doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0an (PhD) fram \u00ed Leipzig sem g\u00f3\u00f0ur arftaka fyrir menntun h\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00e1ri\u00f0 1652 (Dr. habil). Sl\u00edk deild var yfirleitt k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u201eheimspeki\u201c (notu\u00f0 sem v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kt hugtak yfir kennslu, ekki \u00feessi fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega misnotkun \u00e1 heimspeki), en \u00fe\u00e6r eru n\u00fa flokka\u00f0ar sem hugv\u00edsindi og v\u00edsindi, samsvarandi. \u00cd gegnum t\u00ed\u00f0ina hefur doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0a \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i veri\u00f0 sjaldg\u00e6fari, en n\u00e1m \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i er mun algengara. Fyrsta doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0an &#8211; \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i &#8211; endurspegla\u00f0i n\u00fdja s\u00f6gulega a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3laranns\u00f3kna \u00ed um \u00ferj\u00e1r greinar. N\u00fdjustu heimildir nafnsins l\u00e6knir m\u00e1 rekja til frumkirkjunnar, \u00fear sem hugtaki\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c v\u00edsa\u00f0i til n\u00fdrra postula, kapelluf\u00e6\u00f0ra og annarra kristinna emb\u00e6ttismanna sem kenndu og t\u00falku\u00f0u n\u00fdju Bibl\u00eduna. Sem \u201eDr\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eDr.\u201c er \u00fea\u00f0 nota\u00f0 sem g\u00f3\u00f0 heiti fyrir einhvern sem hefur loki\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0ri doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u (\u00feegar hann er ekki me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u).<\/p>\n<p>Ums\u00f3knarheiti\u00f0 \u201en\u00fdir ums\u00e6kjendur um CSc-gr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 v\u00edsindum\u201c er t\u00e6knilegt merki innan n\u00faverandi n\u00e1msbrautar sem n\u00fa er notu\u00f0 sem svipa\u00f0 merki en doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2012 var tilkynnt a\u00f0 \u00feetta yr\u00f0i s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fatv\u00edkka\u00f0 til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 til doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u sem veitt er \u00e1 N\u00fdja Sj\u00e1landi. Fyrir kennara sem hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 r\u00edkjum sem tengjast Evr\u00f3pusambandinu \u00fearf menntam\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneyti\u00f0 \u00ed Bonn a\u00f0 sam\u00feykkja n\u00fdjustu gr\u00e1\u00f0una formlega (\u201esta\u00f0festa\u201c). Allir handhafar doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u f\u00e1 vi\u00f0eigandi me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem \u201eHerr\/Frau Dr. _____\u201c \u00ed \u00f6llu pers\u00f3nulegu tilliti. \u00cd \u00de\u00fdskalandi er \u00feekktasta doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0un Dr. med. (l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i), Dr. med. illkynja. \u00cd \u00fe\u00fdskum l\u00f6ndum \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir hugtaki\u00f0 Doktor fram\u00farskarandi doktorsnemi \u00ed vi\u00f0urkenndum or\u00f0um (eins og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/culture.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Image-alt-tag_-RedKings-Casino-UK-1.jpg\" alt=\"Kynningar \u00e1 spilav\u00edti goldbet\" style=\"padding: 10px\" align=\"left\" border=\"1\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00deessir titlar eru oftast veittir ver\u00f0ugum klerkum fyrir fr\u00e1b\u00e6ran \u00e1rangur e\u00f0a annan \u00e1rangur \u00e1 svi\u00f0i andlegrar og bibl\u00edulegrar menntunar. Greinin var s\u00ed\u00f0ar endursko\u00f0u\u00f0 til a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 a\u00f0gangur a\u00f0 n\u00fdjasta nafninu af l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum \u201ereyndir g\u00f3\u00f0a (me\u00f0 \u00f3lund) vi\u00f0urkennda venju \u00ed sumum tilfellum en ekki \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum\u201c, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feeir h\u00e9ldu \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri sjaldan nota\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u201es\u00fdnir a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa ert l\u00edka l\u00e6knir e\u00f0a me\u00f0 fram\u00farskarandi doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u &#8211; og gefur \u00fev\u00ed til kynna falska \u00fej\u00f3nustu\u201c. Til a\u00f0 hafa n\u00f6fn (skilgreind sem \u201ealgengar tegundir nafna sem byggjast \u00e1 pers\u00f3nulegum og vi\u00f0urkenndum si\u00f0venjum\u201c), notar NASA \u201eDr. (fullt nafn)\u201c \u00ed sambandi til a\u00f0 hafa doktorsnema ef \u00feeir eiga l\u00e6kna nota \u201e(fullt nafn), MD\u201c, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt b\u00e1\u00f0ir s\u00e9u me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0ir sem \u201eDr. (eftirnafn)\u201c \u00ed kve\u00f0junni (sem er l\u00fdst sem \u201e\u00f3formlegu\u201c).<\/p>\n<p>Innan karab\u00edskrar ensku er notkun hugtaksins \u201eDr. the newest Honourable\u201c algeng \u00feegar stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. Sl\u00edkt l\u00fdsir n\u00fdjum fornum eiginleikum gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, laga og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, hvort sem er me\u00f0 t\u00f3nlist, sem voru einu doktorsn\u00e1mslei\u00f0irnar sem \u00ed bo\u00f0i voru fyrir 19. \u00f6ldina. Vegna \u00feessa er \u00feetta n\u00fdja hugtak nota\u00f0 af m\u00f6rgum s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum \u00e1 \u00feessum sv\u00e6\u00f0um, svo sem l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum sem ekki f\u00e1 \u00feessa n\u00fdju pers\u00f3nu annars sta\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n<p>Hj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar eru einnig \u00feekktir sem \u201ehj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur\u201c, enfermeiro (karlkyns) e\u00f0a enfermeira (kvenkyns), n\u00fdjasta heiti\u00f0 er Enf. \u00cd Port\u00fagal, undanfarin \u00e1r eftir a\u00f0 hafa loki\u00f0 n\u00e1mi \u2013 en \u00ed byggingar- og verkfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u2013 hefur karlma\u00f0ur veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ur doutor (Dr.) \u2013 karlkyns e\u00f0a doutora (Dra.) \u2013 konur. Hollenskar akadem\u00edskar st\u00f6\u00f0ur og st\u00f6\u00f0ur geta veri\u00f0 l\u00f6glega \u00f6ruggar, og fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 2021 er hef\u00f0bundna \u201edr.\u201c og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u l\u00f6glega jafngild og m\u00e1 taka til skiptis. \u00cd almennri i\u00f0kun eru n\u00fdjustu anglosaxnesku st\u00f6\u00f0urnar (t.d. PhD) oft nota\u00f0ar. \u00de\u00e6r m\u00e1 ekki b\u00e6ta vi\u00f0 skj\u00f6l (t.d. vegabr\u00e9f, \u00f6kusk\u00edrteini), sem eru sjaldan nota\u00f0ar \u00ed daglegu l\u00edfi. A\u00f0 hafa g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u var grundvallarkrafa fyrir fars\u00e6lan h\u00e1sk\u00f3laferil.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deannig a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er enn vins\u00e6lt \u00ed framkv\u00e6md og nemendur eftir a\u00f0 hafa vali\u00f0 pr\u00f3fgr\u00e1\u00f0u geta st\u00f6\u00f0ugt breytt einkaskj\u00f6lum s\u00ednum til a\u00f0 fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega skilja n\u00fdtt markmi\u00f0. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2008 framlengdi st\u00f6\u00f0ufundur menntam\u00e1la- og f\u00e9lagsm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0herra sambandsr\u00edkjanna fr\u00e1 \u00de\u00fdskalandi \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un s\u00edna fr\u00e1 2001 um a\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenna doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 Evr\u00f3pusambandinu til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 yfir doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur sem veittar voru \u00ed \u00c1stral\u00edu, \u00cdsrael, Japan, Kanada og nokkrum bandar\u00edskum h\u00e1sk\u00f3lum. Allir sem hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 fulltr\u00faadeild Evr\u00f3pusambandsins eiga, fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2001, r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 nota \u201edoktor\u201c e\u00f0a \u201edr.\u201c \u00ed \u00f6llum emb\u00e6ttism\u00f6nnum, r\u00e9ttarsalum og br\u00e9faskriftum \u00e1n frekari vi\u00f0auka. Samhli\u00f0a er gl\u00e6n\u00fdja fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega \u00feekkingargr\u00e1\u00f0an Doktor (ISCED 7) veitt l\u00e6knum (Dr. med. univ.) og tannl\u00e6knum (Dr. med. dent.), sem fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2002 f\u00e1 ekki doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur (ISCED 8) heldur stunda meistaran\u00e1m me\u00f0 sex \u00e1ra reynslu (360 ECTS), r\u00e9tt eins og bandar\u00edskur l\u00e6knir \u00e1n DDS.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i.pinimg.com\/originals\/20\/4e\/81\/204e814a3903472650cb8d0b02a291da.png\" alt=\"Kynningar \u00e1 spilav\u00edti goldbet\" style=\"padding: 20px\" align=\"right\" border=\"0\"><\/p>\n<p>Skammst\u00f6funin stendur \u00fev\u00ed fyrir n\u00fdja hollenska hugtaki\u00f0 doctorandus, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u201es\u00e1 sem ver\u00f0ur l\u00e6knir\u201c (kvennaformi\u00f0 er \u00ed raun \u201edoctoranda\u201c). \u00c1 M\u00f6ltu er hugtaki\u00f0 Doctor nota\u00f0 af l\u00e6knar (me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u), l\u00e6knas\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum, tannl\u00e6knum og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum. F\u00e1ar atvinnugreinar halda uppi 5-6 \u00e1ra n\u00e1mi (svo sem l\u00f6g og lyf) en \u00fe\u00e6r eru kalla\u00f0ar \u201elaurea magistrale a ciclo unico\u201c og eru sam\u00fe\u00e6tt meistaran\u00e1m. \u00deessu fylgir tv\u00f6 \u00e1r \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c (n\u00e1nast \u201emeistaran\u00e1m\u201c, sem jafngildir meistaragr\u00e1\u00f0u). \u00c1 20. \u00f6ld framleiddu \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar h\u00e6rri gr\u00e1\u00f0ugr\u00e1\u00f0ur, eins og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. Hugtaki\u00f0 l\u00e6knir er nota\u00f0 yfir f\u00f3lk sem hefur loki\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u og l\u00e6kna (e\u00f0a l\u00e6kna), tannl\u00e6kna og d\u00fdral\u00e6kna.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c hefur einnig veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00ed Brasil\u00edu til a\u00f0 eiga vi\u00f0 l\u00e6kna og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga samkv\u00e6mt l\u00f6gum fr\u00e1 keisarat\u00edmanum. Til d\u00e6mis, \u00ed r\u00e9ttarkerfinu \u00fear sem nota\u00f0ur er l\u00f6ggiltur ta\u00edlenskur k\u00f3\u00f0i, m\u00e1 ekki nefna Dr. sem nafn karlmanns. Notkun Doc (\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c) e\u00f0a Dr. (\u0e14\u0e23.) er fengin a\u00f0 l\u00e1ni \u00far ensku. \u00c1 Sr\u00ed Lanka er n\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 l\u00e6knir \u201eDr.\u201c nota\u00f0 til a\u00f0 eiga doktorshafa og l\u00e6kna eins og l\u00e6kna, tannl\u00e6kna, skur\u00f0l\u00e6kna og d\u00fdral\u00e6kna. \u00cd september 2025 var \u00feessi notkun formlega b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 af a\u00f0aldeild heilbrig\u00f0is\u00fej\u00f3nustu, en \u00feessi undantekning var afturk\u00f6llu\u00f0 til n\u00e6sta dags. \u00c1 Indlandi eru l\u00e6knar l\u00f6glega kalla\u00f0ir starfandi l\u00e6knar me\u00f0 s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0a me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ila.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Greinar Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt innlimun Notkun vegna l\u00e6kna \u00ed Bretlandi og menningarlega mikilv\u00e6gra sta\u00f0a Innlima\u00f0u vegna l\u00e6kna\u00fej\u00e1lfara \u00ed Bretlandi og \u00fe\u00fa munt upplifa menningarlega tengda sta\u00f0i. Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg notkun Augnl\u00e6knar f\u00e1 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur e\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur utan sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0i (\u00ed Bretlandi er doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u h\u00e1marksgr\u00e1\u00f0u til a\u00f0 eiga l\u00f6ggilta sj\u00f3nl\u00e6kna me\u00f0 reynslu af hef\u00f0bundinni tannl\u00e6kna\u00fej\u00f3nustu). En Debrett&#039;s m\u00e6lir enn me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-57603","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/officefindernyc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57603","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/officefindernyc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/officefindernyc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/officefindernyc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/officefindernyc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57603"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/officefindernyc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57603\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":57604,"href":"https:\/\/officefindernyc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/57603\/revisions\/57604"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/officefindernyc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57603"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/officefindernyc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=57603"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/officefindernyc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=57603"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}